From the Meiji Restoration to the War of Aggression Against China
In 1853, just as Hong Xiuquan’s Taiping Army breached the gates of Nanjing, four U.S. warships were sailing toward Edo Bay in Japan. U.S. Navy Commodore Perry demanded that the Japanese shogunate—just as the Qing government had done a decade earlier—open its borders, open its ports, and engage in “free trade.” Faced with this group of Anglo-Saxons who had traveled such a long distance and the menacing black cannons on their ships, the shogunate’s leaders were momentarily at a loss. After much de